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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotating Wave Approximation</span></h1>
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Dieser Artikel wurde in die Qualitätssicherung der Redaktion Physik eingetragen. Wenn du dich mit dem Thema auskennst, bist du herzlich eingeladen, dich an der Prüfung und möglichen Verbesserung des Artikels zu beteiligen. Der Meinungsaustausch darüber findet derzeit <b>nicht</b> auf der Artikeldiskussionsseite, sondern auf der <b>Qualitätssicherungs-Seite</b> der Physik statt. </div>
<p>Der englische Begriff <span lang="en"><b>rotating wave approximation</b></span> (RWA, dt. <b>Drehwellennäherung</b>) bezeichnet eine Näherungsmethode der <a href="Quantenoptik" title="Quantenoptik">Quantenoptik</a>. In dieser Näherung werden die Einflüsse schnell rotierender Terme im <a href="Hamilton-Operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton-Operator">Hamilton-Operator</a> eines Systems vernachlässigt. Schnell bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang schnell im Vergleich zu den <a href="Lebensdauer_(Physik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebensdauer (Physik)">Lebensdauern</a> atomarer Zustände. Die Drehwellennäherung wird in zahlreichen Modellen angewandt, wie z.&nbsp;B. im <a href="Jaynes-Cummings-Modell" title="Jaynes-Cummings-Modell">Jaynes-Cummings-Modell</a>, in Bewegungsgleichungen der <a href="Dichteoperator" title="Dichteoperator">Dichtematrix</a> beim <a href="Optisches_Pumpen" title="Optisches Pumpen">optischen Pumpen</a>, zum Lösen des <a href="Rabi-Oszillation" title="Rabi-Oszillation">Rabi-Problems</a> oder bei magnetischen Resonanzphänomenen.
</p><p>Sie ist gerechtfertigt, solange das System einer nur vergleichsweise schwachen <a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Störungstheorie (Quantenmechanik)">Störung</a> unterliegt. Außerdem muss die Frequenz des Lichtfeldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7284e7df80758a0946c74413f95c81c1750c755c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}" loading="lazy"></span> nahe der atomaren Resonanzfrequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{a}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9496879c30a1e773e665aaa280ea142f85603308.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> liegen bzw. die <a href="Verstimmung_(Physik)" title="Verstimmung (Physik)">Verstimmung</a> klein gegen die atomare Resonanzfrequenz sein:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \omega :=\left|\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right|\ll \left|\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right|\approx 2\omega _{\mathrm {a} }}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \omega :=\left|\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right|\ll \left|\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right|\approx 2\omega _{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b258bc16ac0d61b47f836ba650c49e79f9632518.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.46ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \omega :=\left|\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right|\ll \left|\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right|\approx 2\omega _{\mathrm {a} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Name der Näherung stammt vom Übergang in ein mit der Lichtfrequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7284e7df80758a0946c74413f95c81c1750c755c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}" loading="lazy"></span> rotierendes Bezugssystem, in dem der <a href="Bloch-Kugel" title="Bloch-Kugel">Blochvektor</a> des mit dem Licht wechselwirkenden Atoms im Falle exakter Resonanz nicht mehr <a href="Pr%C3%A4zession" title="Präzession">präzediert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dann können die Einflüsse der schnell rotierenden Terme vernachlässigt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>Dieser Abschnitt behandelt die Wechselwirkungen zwischen einem Atom, das als <a href="Zweizustandssystem" title="Zweizustandssystem">Zwei-Niveau-System</a> angesehen wird, und einem <a href="Elektromagnetische_Welle" title="Elektromagnetische Welle">elektromagnetischen</a> Feld. Sowohl das Atom als auch das <a href="Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a> werden in <a href="Zweite_Quantisierung" title="Zweite Quantisierung">zweiter Quantisierung</a> beschrieben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamiltonian_ohne_Wechselwirkung">Hamiltonian ohne Wechselwirkung</h3></div>
<p>Der Hamilton-Operator des Gesamtsystems beinhaltet einen Anteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der das Atom und die Photonen jeweils einzeln und ohne Wechselwirkung beschreibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}=\hbar \omega _{a}\sigma ^{+}\sigma ^{-}+\hbar \omega _{L}a^{\dagger }a}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}=\hbar \omega _{a}\sigma ^{+}\sigma ^{-}+\hbar \omega _{L}a^{\dagger }a}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ff18940de6f3ddbd16e923d3ec4cb45a9395958.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.987ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}=\hbar \omega _{a}\sigma ^{+}\sigma ^{-}+\hbar \omega _{L}a^{\dagger }a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{a}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6cb248854a2235b8032808fc4f03509e082a7a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.854ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Energiedifferenz zwischen dem Grundzustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |g\rangle }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}=|g\rangle \langle e|}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb2f861a8dd076824be0f5c4a54fadc06db5ce4e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.242ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}=|g\rangle \langle e|}" loading="lazy"></span> sind die <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">Auf- und Absteigeoperatoren</a> des Atoms und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ab292dae7b377aefbd977dc19438b2b82da3303c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.192ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Erzeugungs-_und_Vernichtungsoperator#Bosonische_Kletteroperatoren" title="Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperator">bosonischen Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperatoren</a> für Photonen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beschreibung_der_Wechselwirkung">Beschreibung der Wechselwirkung</h3></div>
<p>Zusätzlich zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43910602a221b7a4c373791f94793e3008622070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt ein Hamiltonian <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
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</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a81a545c70e34ca31dfe1e0f4a17fdeff5d54b9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.175ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }}" loading="lazy"></span> Aufschluss über die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Photon und Atom. Dieser setzt sich aus dem Dipol-Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e1eb48ef8121a782f64c8453fa6f80a9ca26e2e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.547ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem elektrischen Feldvektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Polarisation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\epsilon }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\epsilon }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97bdba4ad6a694bf091ec73960dbbbf793f4fba1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.223ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\epsilon }}}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammen.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {\epsilon }}\underbrace {\sqrt {\frac {\hbar \omega _{L}}{\epsilon _{0}V}}} _{E_{0}}\left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<msqrt>
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<mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
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<mrow>
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<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>V</mi>
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</mfrac>
</msqrt>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
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</munder>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {\epsilon }}\underbrace {\sqrt {\frac {\hbar \omega _{L}}{\epsilon _{0}V}}} _{E_{0}}\left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29d2f6457cb12b7dd148b8e6b2dfb530a1b50e0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.005ex; width:22.14ex; height:11.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {\epsilon }}\underbrace {\sqrt {\frac {\hbar \omega _{L}}{\epsilon _{0}V}}} _{E_{0}}\left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Damit lässt sich der Wechselwirkungs-Hamiltonian schreiben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\mathrm {int} }&amp;=-{\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}+\sigma ^{-}\right)\cdot \left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{+}a+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{-}a\right)\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\mathrm {int} }&amp;=-{\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}+\sigma ^{-}\right)\cdot \left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{+}a+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{-}a\right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c0c416bb6152aa7818fd705129659b5cfb3a8e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:43.065ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}H_{\mathrm {int} }&amp;=-{\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}+\sigma ^{-}\right)\cdot \left(a^{\dagger }+a\right)\\&amp;=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{+}a+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }+\sigma ^{-}a\right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aufgrund von <a href="Parit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Parität (Physik)">Paritätsüberlegungen</a> wurde hier angenommen, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle e|{\vec {d}}|e\rangle =0=\langle g|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle e|{\vec {d}}|e\rangle =0=\langle g|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a71487282c08e62b8949ff06de7f58015cdece0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.059ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle e|{\vec {d}}|e\rangle =0=\langle g|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Übergangs-Dipolmoment <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}_{eg}=\langle e|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}_{eg}=\langle e|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1a847a839ccb4f75f9fa2cb3eacaf03ed2bff3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.283ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {d}}_{eg}=\langle e|{\vec {d}}|g\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> ist reellwertig angenommen, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d={\vec {d}}_{eg}\cdot {\vec {\epsilon }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>g</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d={\vec {d}}_{eg}\cdot {\vec {\epsilon }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aba1bd36ded870d2ceec53c22df175803b57a7c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.551ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d={\vec {d}}_{eg}\cdot {\vec {\epsilon }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist seine Projektion auf den Polarisationsvektor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die Zeitentwicklung eines quantenmechanischen Operators <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> wird im <a href="Wechselwirkungsbild" title="Wechselwirkungsbild">Wechselwirkungsbild</a> durch den <a href="Zeitentwicklungsoperator" title="Zeitentwicklungsoperator">Zeitentwicklungsoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{0}(t)=\exp[-{\rm {i}}H_{0}t/\hbar ]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>exp</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
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<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{0}(t)=\exp[-{\rm {i}}H_{0}t/\hbar ]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee6388e9e8577612027ead47e5ea79d297a80c03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.984ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{0}(t)=\exp[-{\rm {i}}H_{0}t/\hbar ]}" loading="lazy"></span> des „freien“ Systems (ohne Wechselwirkung) bestimmt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(t)=U_{0}^{\dagger }(t)A(0)U(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(t)=U_{0}^{\dagger }(t)A(0)U(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6dca68fe2fdacad6664201f6d074a75f386034e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.089ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(t)=U_{0}^{\dagger }(t)A(0)U(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit der <a href="Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff-Formel" title="Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff-Formel">Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff-Formel</a> ergibt sich dann folgende Zeitentwicklung der Auf-, Absteiger- sowie Erzeugungs- und Vernichtungsoperatoren:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a(t)&amp;=a(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{L}t}\\a^{\dagger }(t)&amp;=a^{\dagger }(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{L}t}\\\sigma ^{-}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{-}(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{a}t}\\\sigma ^{+}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{+}(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{a}t}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mi>L</mi>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a(t)&amp;=a(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{L}t}\\a^{\dagger }(t)&amp;=a^{\dagger }(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{L}t}\\\sigma ^{-}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{-}(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{a}t}\\\sigma ^{+}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{+}(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{a}t}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e392ce5173208d323c21078be558edba53c3cb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.759ex; margin-bottom: -0.246ex; width:21.188ex; height:13.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}a(t)&amp;=a(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{L}t}\\a^{\dagger }(t)&amp;=a^{\dagger }(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{L}t}\\\sigma ^{-}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{-}(0)\,e^{-i\omega _{a}t}\\\sigma ^{+}(t)&amp;=\sigma ^{+}(0)\,e^{+i\omega _{a}t}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Diese zeitabhängigen Operatoren setzt man in obige Gleichung für den Wechselwirkungs-Hamiltonian ein (die Nullen in Klammern werden zur Übersichtlichkeit nicht mehr explizit geschrieben).
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a\,e^{-i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a\,e^{-i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d10749eceb3e36d3ac5295f5b64896cd561cbc9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:85.804ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)=-dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a\,e^{-i\left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit dieser Wechselwirkung wird nun die Zeitentwicklung des Zustands berechnet (<a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">zeitabhängige Schrödingergleichung</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {i}}\hbar {\frac {\rm {d}}{{\rm {d}}t}}|\psi (t)\rangle =H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)|\psi (t)\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {i}}\hbar {\frac {\rm {d}}{{\rm {d}}t}}|\psi (t)\rangle =H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/988cd03d179b62fdcf42b6ff0a5ada58765090d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:26.271ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {i}}\hbar {\frac {\rm {d}}{{\rm {d}}t}}|\psi (t)\rangle =H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)|\psi (t)\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für eine schwache Kopplung (<a href="St%C3%B6rungstheorie_(Quantenmechanik)" title="Störungstheorie (Quantenmechanik)">Störung</a>) zwischen Atom und elektromagnetischem Feld darf man annehmen, dass sich der Zustand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cf4a36b5f945be90a527b3dbe3d55d3f0439cdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.162ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> als Funktion der Zeit langsam ändert (auf der Zeitskala <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/\omega _{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/\omega _{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e9823080a1b22246665afd5e17a96078e3d5be38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.873ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/\omega _{a}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Man vernachlässigt dabei Effekte in starken Feldern, die etwa eine mögliche Entartung von Niveaus aufheben könnten.
</p><p>Die Stärke der Kopplung lässt sich mit einer Kopplungskonstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> ausdrücken, die deutlich kleiner als die Frequenz des elektromagnetischen Feldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7284e7df80758a0946c74413f95c81c1750c755c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{L}}" loading="lazy"></span> sein muss, damit die Näherung sinnvoll bleibt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {dE_{0}}{\hbar }}\,,\qquad |g|\ll \omega _{L}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
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<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ<!-- ℏ --></mi>
</mfrac>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {dE_{0}}{\hbar }}\,,\qquad |g|\ll \omega _{L}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d536876769c81bf5e49a85eccc02824431c62b97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:25.731ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {dE_{0}}{\hbar }}\,,\qquad |g|\ll \omega _{L}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durchführen_der_Näherung"><span id="Durchf.C3.BChren_der_N.C3.A4herung"></span>Durchführen der Näherung</h3></div>

<p>Die <i>Rotating Wave Approximation</i> besteht nun darin, die schnell oszillierenden Terme in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ba0b12e9e6d5dcc2365cc8298b12c62a39a6416.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.823ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pm \left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pm \left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ea28f19e49fac6ebcc378b78795df4961bce6cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.417ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pm \left(\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}" loading="lazy"></span> im Exponenten der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>-Funktion zu vernachlässigen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)\approx -dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
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</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
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</msup>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
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<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
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</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)\approx -dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bcd867ffd8ac89edcb1a36beed88f77eb7e5a505.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:50.921ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }(t)\approx -dE_{0}\left(\sigma ^{+}a\,e^{i\left(\omega _{a}-\omega _{L}\right)t}+\sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }\,e^{i\left(-\omega _{a}+\omega _{L}\right)t}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierzu argumentiert man, dass diese Oszillationen sich vergleichsweise schnell zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}" loading="lazy"></span> wegmitteln, sodass sie auf Zeitskalen der relevanten Prozesse wie atomarer Übergänge oder Zerfällen von Zuständen nicht von Bedeutung sind. In der letzten Gleichung des vorherigen Abschnitts enthalten die vernachlässigten Terme (erster und letzter Summand) die Operatorprodukte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/417a1819375476ee135b7808c4e872eb0eadeeab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9eeaa302e93af5e9bf16c78ea3f4247587253c97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.071ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a}" loading="lazy"></span>, die einer Anregung des Atoms bei gleichzeitiger Erzeugung eines Photons bzw. dem Relaxieren des Atoms in den Grundzustand bei gleichzeitiger Absorption eines Photons entsprechen. Diese Prozesse spielen nur auf sehr kurzen Zeitskalen eine Rolle. Es bleiben in der <i>Rotating Wave Approximation</i> nur diejenigen Prozesse übrig, in denen ein Atom durch Absorption eines Photons angeregt wird (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>+</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2ec58ac35dbc704edb385a0e3cc743e4d8895b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.071ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{+}a}" loading="lazy"></span>) oder ein Photon emittiert und dabei in den energetisch tieferen Zustand springt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>†<!-- † --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9f4d78848979d7328a262b553a94f05dfc1652c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.033ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma ^{-}a^{\dagger }}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p><p>Bezieht man die schnell rotierenden Terme in einer genaueren Rechnung mit ein, erhält man Korrekturen, die beispielsweise die Frequenz einer Spinresonanz verschieben (Bloch-Siegert-Effekt).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Fox: <cite style="font-style:italic">Quantum Optics – An Introduction</cite>. 1. Auflage. Oxford University Press, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-856672-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>189</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotating+Wave+Approximation&amp;rft.au=Mark+Fox&amp;rft.btitle=Quantum+Optics+-+An+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780198566724&amp;rft.pages=189&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Jacques Dupont-Roc, Gilbert Grynberg: <cite style="font-style:italic">Atom Photon Interaction – Basic Processes and Applications</cite>. 1. Auflage. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 978-0-471-29336-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>361</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotating+Wave+Approximation&amp;rft.au=Claude+Cohen-Tannoudji%2C+Jacques+Dupont-Roc%2C+Gilbert+Grynberg&amp;rft.btitle=Atom+Photon+Interaction+-+Basic+Processes+and+Applications&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780471293361&amp;rft.pages=361&amp;rft.place=Weinheim&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher C. Gerry: <cite style="font-style:italic">Introductory Quantum Optics</cite>. 3. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-52735-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>90–93</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotating+Wave+Approximation&amp;rft.au=Christopher+C.+Gerry&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Quantum+Optics&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521527354&amp;rft.pages=90-93&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher C. Gerry: <cite style="font-style:italic">Introductory Quantum Optics</cite>. 3. Auflage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-52735-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>13,92</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotating+Wave+Approximation&amp;rft.au=Christopher+C.+Gerry&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+Quantum+Optics&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780521527354&amp;rft.pages=13%2C92&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2FNew+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Allen, J. H. Eberly: <cite style="font-style:italic">Optical Resonance and Two-Level-Atoms</cite>. 1. Auflage. Wiley-Interscience, New York 1975, ISBN 0-471-02327-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>47<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rotating+Wave+Approximation&amp;rft.au=Leslie+Allen%2C+J.+H.+Eberly&amp;rft.btitle=Optical+Resonance+and+Two-Level-Atoms&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0471023272&amp;rft.pages=47ff&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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